Note: Such chronometers with a single going barrel, were developed by Louis-Clement-Francois Breguet, grandson of Abraham-Louis, following his return from Switzerland. Their movements were designed to be manufactured at a much lower cost than the regular double barrel then produced by the firm for the Navy. They were usually sold the the Merchant Navy or individual clients. Louis Philippe (1773 - 1850) Roi des Francais Louis Philippe I, King of the French, was born in Paris, 6 October 1773. He was the eldest son of Louis-Philippe Joseph and Louise- Marie-Adelaide of Bourbon-Penthievre and carried successively the titles of Duc de Valis, Duc de Chartres and Duc d'Orleans. The severe education that he received from Mine de Senlis caused him to greet the French Revolution with enthusiasm, but because of his reactionary views he was forced to take refuge in Switzerland whence he moved to Germany, Scandinavia and the United States. He returned in 1801 settling in England where he lived until 1807. After his marriage with Marie-Amelic, daughter of Ferdinand IV of Naples, he lived in Sicily. He sired five sons and three daughters. He did not return definitively to France until 1817, and it was then that he took to a bourgeois style of life and to frequenting politicians, merchants and writers of the opposition camp. In 1830, the white hope of the bourgeoisie, he accepted the tricolour flag. Proclaimed Lieutenant-General of the country, 31 July, he became `King of the French', 7 August 1830. His reign lasted until 1848. Four groups of opponents formed against him, the legitimists, the bonapartists, the republicans and the socialists, the latter fomenting plots and even assasination attempts against him. His royal authority chiefly imposed itself in the domain of foreign policy, but his peace policy was one of the main reasons for his increasing unpopularity. His reign was signaled by the conquest of Algeria and economic expansion as well as by feverish speculation and growing poverty among the workers. The fall of Louis-Philippe was caused by the intransigent conservatism of Guizot who refused all electoral reform. Louis- Philippe abdicated in favour of his grandson the Comte de Paris , 24 February 1848, but the latter was refused. The dethroned monarch found refuge in England where Queen Victoria placed her residence of Claremont, Sussex, at his disposal. There he died 26 August 1850.