Charles Frodsham (1810-1871). Was the most celebrated of the Frodsham family, with its numerous watchmakers, and was a prominent maker of very high grade chronometers and watches. For the 1851 exhibition, they introduced a three-quarter plate caliber which they marked ?AD.FMSZ?, which continued subsequently to be put on all their highest grade work. In 1868 he devised a form of electrical contact for taking signals for chronometers. The company he founded continued after his death. During the early 20th century, the firm was closely connected with Nicole Nielsen who made most of the movements, including some of the most perfect tourbillons ever made, and which still perform with almost unrivaled accuracy. At some time before the mid-20th century, the company began making lever escapement and chronometer escapement watches of the very highest quality and continued to do so until the outbreak of war in 1939. Frodsham watches are almost always elegant and well proportioned. Even as late as 1914, some of them, with engine-turned silver dials, were worthy of Breguet. The firm was appointed watchmaker to Queen Victoria, King Edward VII, and to Queen Alexandra. They were responsible for maintenance and winding of all the clocks at Buckingham Palace, where they had a workshop. The movement was made by Audemars.